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Reference List Basic Format

· Reference list should be double-spaced like the rest of your paper.

· The second, and subsequent lines of the citation are indented. Use the ruler.

· Use the author’s initials, not their full name. If the author includes their middle initial or name, be sure to include it.

· If the book or article has multiple authors, you must list all of them up to the first 20. If the source has 21 or more authors, you list the first 20 then add an ellipses (…) and list the final author.

· Use the & symbol before the last author’s name, not the spelled out “and.”

· Always italicize the journal or magazine title and volume number.

· Always italicize the book title.

· Only capitalize the first word, first word after a colon, or proper nouns in article, book, website, or video titles.

· Make sure you know the format of the item you are citing (i.e., print or electronic).

· Do not include “retrieved from” for website links.

Reference List: Books

Printed Books

Author, A. A. (year). Title of book. Publisher.

Allman, P. (2019). Critical education against global capitalism: Karl Marx and revolutionary critical education. Brill Sense.

ebooks

Author, A. A. (year). Title of book: Subtitle of book [eBook edition]. Publisher. URL

Panagiotopoulou, J. A., Rosen, L., & Strzykala, J. (Eds.). (2020). Inclusion, education, and translanguaging: How to promote social justice in (teacher) education? [eBook edition]. Springer. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783658281274

Audiobooks

Author, A. A. (year). Title of book (N. Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. URL (if applicable)

Obama, M. (2018). Becoming (M. Obama, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Random House.

Book Chapter

Author, A. A., & Author, A. A. (year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. #– #). Publisher.

Lester, A. O. S. (2018). Living with three strikes: Being a transwoman of color in education. In S. A. Shelton, J. E. Flynn, & T. J. Grosland (Eds.), Feminism and intersectionality in academia (pp. 145–152). Palgrave Macmillan.

Reference List: Journal/Magazine/Newspaper Articles

Journal Article

Author, A. A., & Author, A. A. (year). Article title. Journal Title, Vol(issue), p#.

Januszyk, R., Miller, E. C., & Lee, O. (2016). Addressing student diversity and equity. Science and Children, 53(8), 28.

Magazine Article

Author, A. A. (year, month date). Article title. Magazine, vol(issue#), p#-#.

Heller, N. (2020, June 1). Too far from home: What’s behind the crisis of the unhoused? The New Yorker, 28–40.

Newspaper Article

Author, A. A. (year, month date). Article title. Newspaper, p#.

Borenstein, S. (2020, September 3). Black holes merge into never before seen size. StarNews, A7.

Electronic Journals/Magazines/Newspaper Articles with DOI

Author, A. (Year). Title. Journal Name, Volume(issue), page numbers. Doi

Hill, M. L. (2018). “Thank you, Black Twitter:” State violence, digital counterpublics, and pedagogies of resistance. Urban Education, 53(2), 286–302. http://doi.org/10.1177/0042085917747124

Reference List: Internet Sources

Webpage

Author, A. A. (year, month date or year last updated). Title of page. Site name. URL

National Public Radio (NPR). (2020). Arts and life. https://www.npr.org/sections/arts/

Podcast

Host, A. A. (Host). (year, month date). Title of episode (no. if provided) [Audio podcast episode]. In Name of podcast. Publisher. URL

Ward, A. (Host). (2020, June 4). Pelicanology (pelicans) with Juita Martinez [Audio podcast episode]. In Ologies with Alie Ward. Alie Ward. https://www.alieward.com/ologies

YouTube Video

Author, A. A. [Username]. (year, month date). Title of video [Video]. Streaming Service. URL

Houting, J. d. [TEDx Talks]. (2019, November 1). Why everything you know about autism is wrong [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1AUdaH- EPM&list=WL&index=62&t=0s

Reference List: Conference Sessions and Presentations

Conference Session

Author, A. (YEAR, Month Date(s)). Title [Conference session]. Name of Meeting/Conference name, location. Website if available.

Martinez, D., & Ortiz, Z. (2018, March 3-7). Creating community for foster youth on college campuses: Effective strategies for academic success [Conference session]. NASPA annual conference, Philadelphia, PA, United States.

Paper Presentation

Author, A. (Year, Month Date(s)). Title [Paper presentation]. Name of Meeting/Conference, Location.

Hardison, T., & Castro, E. L. (2018, November 14-17). A timeline of Pell Grant availability in prison: A critical policy analysis regarding access to higher education for incarcerated students [Paper Presentation]. Association for the Study of Higher Education annual meeting, Tampa, FL, United States.

Posters

Author, A. (Year, Month Date(s)). Title [Poster presentation]. Name of Meeting/Conference, Location.

Vakil, J. B. (2019, April 6). Identity, recruitment, and retention of Asian Pacific Islander Desi American novice elementary and STEM teachers [Poster presentation]. Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), Toronto, CA.

Reference List: Dissertations and Theses

Unpublished Dissertation/Thesis

Author, A. (Year). Title [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Degree Awarding Institution.

Daniels, L. R. (2019). The experiences of secondary Black women principals leading change with a predominately White faculty: Cast down, but not destroyed [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of St. Thomas.

Dissertation or Thesis from a Database

Author, A. (Year). Title (Publication No. #) [Master’s Thesis, Degree Granting Institution]. Database or Archive Name.

Smith, D. J. (2011). Reforming the criminal justice system: A pragmatic approach to building a sustainable system (Publication No. 1503912) [Master’s thesis, University of Central Oklahoma]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Dissertation or Thesis Published Online

Author, A. (Year). Title [Doctoral dissertation, Degree Awarding Institution]. Database or Archive Name. Link.

Reinert, L. J. (2016). Silent strategy: Women faculty and the academic profession [Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota]. University of Minnesota Conservancy. https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/188903/Reinert_umn_0130 E_17155.pdf?sequence=1

APA 7th Edition Quick Guide

APA style 7th Edition Headings

Level 1: Centered, Boldface, Title Case Heading

  Text starts a new paragraph.

Level 2: Flush Left, Boldface, Title Case Heading

  Text starts a new paragraph.

Level 3: Flush Left, Boldface Italic, Title Case Heading

  Text starts a new paragraph.

Level 4: Indented, Boldface Title Case Heading Ending With a Period. Paragraph text continues on the same line as the same paragraph.

Level 5:  Indented, Boldface Italic, Title Case Heading Ending With a Period. Paragraph text continues on the same line as the same paragraph.

Example:

How to use Punctuation in APA Style

Comma

Use a comma to join 2 independent clauses by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, for, nor, so).

Road construction can be inconvenient, but it is necessary.

The new house has a large fenced backyard, so I am sure our dog will enjoy it.

Use a comma after an introductory phrase, prepositional phrase, or dependent clause.

To get a good grade, you must complete all your assignments.

Because Dad caught the chicken pox, we canceled our vacation.

After the wedding, the guests attended the reception.

Use a comma to separate elements in a series. Although there is no set rule that requires a comma before the last item in a series, it seems to be a general academic convention to include it. The examples below demonstrate this trend.

On her vacation, Lisa visited Greece, Spain, and Italy.

In their speeches, many of the candidates promised to help protect the environment, bring about world peace, and end world hunger.

Use a comma to separate nonessential elements from a sentence. More specifically, when a sentence includes information that is not crucial to the message or intent of the sentence, enclose it in or separate it by commas.

John's truck, a red Chevrolet, needs new tires.

When he realized he had overslept, Matt rushed to his car and hurried to work.

Use a comma between coordinate adjectives (adjectives that are equal and reversible).

The irritable, fidgety crowd waited impatiently for the rally speeches to begin.

The sturdy, compact suitcase made a perfect gift.

Use a comma after a transitional element (however, therefore, nonetheless, also, otherwise, finally, instead, thus, of course, above all, for example, in other words, as a result, on the other hand, in conclusion, in addition)

For example, the Red Sox, Yankees, and Indians are popular baseball teams.

If you really want to get a good grade this semester, however, you must complete all assignments, attend class, and study your notes.

Use a comma with quoted words.

"Yes," she promised. Todd replied, saying, "I will be back this afternoon."

Avoid comma splices (two independent clauses joined only by a comma). Instead, separate the clauses with a period, with a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction, or with a semicolon.

Semicolon

Use a semicolon to join 2 independent clauses when the second clause restates the first or when the two clauses are of equal emphasis.

세미콜론 사용: 두 개 독립절을 연결할 때 두 번째 절이 첫 번째랑 연관이 있거나 두 개 절이 동등할 때. 

Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town; streets have become covered with bulldozers, trucks, and cones.

Use a semicolon to join 2 independent clauses when the second clause begins with a conjunctive adverb (however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, thus, meanwhile, nonetheless, otherwise) or a transition (in fact, for example, that is, for instance, in addition, in other words, on the other hand, even so).

두 독립절을 이을 때 첫 문장 다음에 연결부사가 있으면 세미콜론 사용

Terrorism in the United States has become a recent concern; in fact, the concern for America's safety has led to an awareness of global terrorism.

Use a semicolon to join elements of a series when individual items of the series already include commas.

Recent sites of the Olympic Games include Athens, Greece; Salt Lake City, Utah; Sydney, Australia; Nagano, Japan.

Colon

Use a colon to join 2 independent clauses when you wish to emphasize the second clause.

Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town: parts of Main, Fifth, and West Street are closed during the construction.

Use a colon after an independent clause when it is followed by a list, a quotation, appositive, or other idea directly related to the independent clause.

Julie went to the store for some groceries: milk, bread, coffee, and cheese.

In his Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln urges Americans to rededicate themselves to the unfinished work of the deceased soldiers: "It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth."

I know the perfect job for her: a politician.

Parenthesis

Parentheses are used to emphasize content. They place more emphasis on the enclosed content than commas. Use parentheses to set off nonessential material, such as dates, clarifying information, or sources, from a sentence.

Muhammed Ali (1942-present), arguably the greatest athlete of all time, claimed he would "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee."

Dash

Dashes are used to set off or emphasize the content enclosed within dashes or the content that follows a dash. Dashes place more emphasis on this content than parentheses.

Perhaps one reason why the term has been so problematic—so resistant to definition, and yet so transitory in those definitions—is because of its multitude of applications.

In terms of public legitimacy—that is, in terms of garnering support from state legislators, parents, donors, and university administrators—English departments are primarily places where advanced literacy is taught.

The U.S.S. Constitution became known as "Old Ironsides" during the War of 1812—during which the cannonballs fired from the British H.M.S. Guerriere merely bounced off the sides of the Constitution.

To some of you, my proposals may seem radical—even revolutionary.

Use a dash to set off an appositive phrase that already includes commas. An appositive is a word that adds explanatory or clarifying information to the noun that precedes it.

The cousins—Tina, Todd, and Sam—arrived at the party together.

Quotation Marks

Use quotation marks to enclose direct quotations. Note that commas and periods are placed inside the closing quotation mark, and colons and semicolons are placed outside. The placement of question and exclamation marks depends on the situation.

He asked, "When will you be arriving?" I answered, "Sometime after 6:30."

Use quotation marks to indicate the novel, ironic, or reserved use of a word.

History is stained with blood spilled in the name of "justice."

Use quotation marks around the titles of short poems, song titles, short stories, magazine or newspaper articles, essays, speeches, chapter titles, short films, and episodes of television or radio shows.

"Self-Reliance," by Ralph Waldo Emerson

"Just Like a Woman," by Bob Dylan

"The Smelly Car," an episode of Seinfeld

Do not use quotation marks in indirect or block quotations.

Italics

Underlining and Italics are often used interchangeably. Before word-processing programs were widely available, writers would underline certain words to indicate to publishers to italicize whatever was underlined. Although the general trend has been moving toward italicizing instead of underlining, you should remain consistent with your choice throughout your paper. To be safe, you could check with your teacher to find out which he/she prefers. Italicize the titles of magazines, books, newspapers, academic journals, films, television shows, long poems, plays of three or more acts, operas, musical albums, works of art, websites, and individual trains, planes, or ships.

Time

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare

The Metamorphosis of Narcissus by Salvador Dali

Amazon.com

Titanic

Italicize foreign words.

Semper fi, the motto of the U.S. Marine Corps, means "always faithful."

Italicize a word or phrase to add emphasis.

The truth is of utmost concern!

Italicize a word when referring to that word.

The word justice is often misunderstood and therefore misused.